vLet the relation of knowledge to real life be very visible to your pupils
and let them understand how by knowledge the world could be
transformed. – BERTRAND RUSSELL v
11.1 Introduction
In the preceding Chapter 10, we have studied various forms
of the equations of a line. In this Chapter, we shall study
about some other curves, viz., circles, ellipses, parabolas
and hyperbolas. The names parabola and hyperbola are
given by Apollonius. These curves are in fact, known as
conic sections or more commonly conics because they
can be obtained as intersections of a plane with a double
napped right circular cone. These curves have a very wide
range of applications in fields such as planetary motion,
design of telescopes and antennas, reflectors in flashlights
and automobile headlights, etc. Now, in the subsequent sections we will see how the
intersection of a plane with a double napped right circular cone
results in different types of curves.
11.2 Sections of a Cone
Let l be a fixed vertical line and m be another line intersecting it at
a fixed point V and inclined to it at an angle α (Fig11.1).
Suppose we rotate the line m around the line l in such a way
that the angle α remains constant. Then the surface generated is
a double-napped right circular hollow cone herein after referred as
Apollonius
(262 B.C. -190 B.C.)
11Chapter
Fig 11. 1
CONIC SECTIONS
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CONIC SECTIONS 237
Fig 11. 2
Fig 11. 3
cone and extending indefinitely far in both directions (Fig11.2).
The point V is called the vertex; the line l is the axis of the cone. The rotating line
m is called a generator of the cone. The vertex separates the cone into two parts
called nappes.
If we take the intersection of a plane with a cone, the section so obtained is called
a conic section. Thus, conic sections are the curves obtained by intersecting a right
circular cone by a plane.
We obtain different kinds of conic sections depending on the position of the
intersecting plane with respect to the cone and by the angle made by it with the vertical
axis of the cone. Let β be the angle made by the intersecting plane with the vertical
axis of the cone (Fig11.3).
The intersection of the plane with the cone can take place either at the vertex of
the cone or at any other part of the nappe either below or above the vertex.
11.2.1 Circle, ellipse, parabola and hyperbola When the plane cuts the nappe (other
than the vertex) of the cone, we have the following situations:
(a) When β = 90
o
, the section is a circle (Fig11.4).
(b) When α < β < 90
o
, the section is an ellipse (Fig11.5).
(c) When β = α; the section is a parabola (Fig11.6).
(In each of the above three situations, the plane cuts entirely across one nappe of
the cone).
(d) When 0 ≤ β < α; the plane cuts through both the nappes and the curves of
intersection is a hyperbola (Fig11.7).
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238 MATHEMATICS
Fig 11. 4
11.2.2 Degenerated conic sections
When the plane cuts at the vertex of the cone, we have the following different cases:
(a) When α < β ≤ 90
o
, then the section is a point (Fig11.8).
(b) When β = α, the plane contains a generator of the cone and the section is a
straight line (Fig11.9).
It is the degenerated case of a parabola.
(c) When 0 ≤ β < α, the section is a pair of intersecting straight lines (Fig11.10). It is
the degenerated case of a hyperbola.
Fig 11. 6
Fig 11. 7
Fig 11. 5
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CONIC SECTIONS 239
In the following sections, we shall obtain the equations of each of these conic
sections in standard form by defining them based on geometric properties.
Fig 11. 8
Fig 11. 9
Fig 1
1. 10
11.3 Circle
Definition 1 A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
point in the plane.
The fixed point is called the centre of the circle and the distance from the centre
to a point on the circle is called the radius of the circle (Fig 11.11).
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240 MATHEMATICS
The equation of the circle is simplest if the centre of the circle is at the origin.
However, we derive below the equation of the circle with a given centre and radius
(Fig 11.12).
Given C (h, k) be the centre and r the radius of circle. Let P(x, y) be any point on
the circle (Fig11.12). Then, by the definition, | CP | = r . By the distance formula,
we have
2 2
( ) ( )
x – h y – k r
+ =
i.e. (x – h)
2
+ (y – k)
2
= r
2
This is the required equation of the circle with centre at (h,k) and radius r .
Example 1 Find an equation of the circle with centre at (0,0) and radius r.
Solution Here h = k = 0. Therefore, the equation of the circle is x
2
+ y
2
= r
2
.
Example 2 Find the equation of the circle with centre (–3, 2) and radius 4.
Solution Here h = –3, k = 2 and r = 4. Therefore, the equation of the required circle is
(x + 3)
2
+ (y –2)
2
= 16
Example 3 Find the centre and the radius of the circle x
2
+ y
2
+ 8x + 10y – 8 = 0
Solution The given equation is
(x
2
+ 8x) + (y
2
+ 10y) = 8
Now, completing the squares within the parenthesis, we get
(x
2
+ 8x + 16) + (y
2
+ 10y + 25) = 8 + 16 + 25
i.e. (x + 4)
2
+ (y + 5)
2
= 49
i.e. {
x – (– 4)}
2
+ {y – (–5)}
2
= 7
2
Therefore, the given circle has centre at (– 4, –5) and radius 7.
Fig 11. 11
Fig 11. 12
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CONIC SECTIONS 241
Example 4 Find the equation of the circle which passes through the points (2, – 2), and
(3,4) and whose centre lies on the line x + y = 2.
Solution Let the equation of the circle be (x – h)
2
+ (y – k)
2
= r
2
.
Since the circle passes through (2, – 2) and (3,4), we have
(2 – h)
2
+ (–2 –
k)
2
= r
2
... (1)
and (3 –
h)
2
+ (4 – k)
2
=
r
2
... (2)
Also since the centre lies on the line x + y
= 2, we have
h + k = 2 ... (3)
Solving the equations (1), (2) and (3), we get
h = 0.7, k = 1.3 and
r
2
= 12.58
Hence, the equation of the required circle is
(x – 0.7)
2
+ (y – 1.3)
2
= 12.58.
EXERCISE 11.1
In each of the following Exercises 1 to 5, find the equation of the circle with
1. centre (0,2) and radius 2 2. centre (–2,3) and radius 4
3. centre (
4
1
,
2
1
) and radius
12
1
4. centre (1,1) and radius
2
5. centre (–a, –b) and radius
22
ba −
.
In each of the following Exercises 6 to 9, find the centre and radius of the circles.
6. (x + 5)
2
+ (y – 3)
2
= 36 7. x
2
+ y
2
– 4x – 8y – 45 = 0
8. x
2
+ y
2
– 8x + 10y – 12 = 0 9. 2x
2
+ 2y
2
– x = 0
10. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (4,1) and (6,5) and
whose centre is on the line 4x + y = 16.
11. Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (2,3) and (–1,1) and
whose centre is on the line x – 3y – 11 = 0.
12. Find the equation of the circle with radius 5 whose centre lies on x-axis and
passes through the point (2,3).
13. Find the equation of the circle passing through (0,0) and making intercepts a and
b on the coordinate axes.
14. Find the equation of a circle with centre (2,2) and passes through the point (4,5).
15. Does the point (–2.5, 3.5) lie inside, outside or on the circle x
2
+ y
2
= 25?
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242 MATHEMATICS
Fig 11. 13
Fig 11.14
11.4 Parabola
Definition 2 A parabola is the set of all points
in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed line
and a fixed point (not on the line) in the plane.
The fixed line is called the directrix of
the parabola and the fixed point F is called the
focus (Fig 11.13). (‘Para’ means ‘for’ and
‘bola’ means ‘throwing’, i.e., the shape
described when you throw a ball in the air).
A
Note If the fixed point lies on the fixed
line, then the set of points in the plane, which
are equidistant from the fixed point and the
fixed line is the straight line through the fixed
point and perpendicular to the fixed line. We
call this straight line as degenerate case of
the parabola.
A line through the focus and perpendicular
to the directrix is called the axis of the
parabola. The point of intersection of parabola
with the axis is called the vertex of the parabola
(Fig11.14).
11.4.1 Standard equations of parabola The
equation of a parabola is simplest if the vertex
is at the origin and the axis of symmetry is along the x-axis or y-axis. The four possible
such orientations of parabola are shown below in Fig11.15 (a) to (d).
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CONIC SECTIONS 243
We will derive the equation for the parabola shown above in Fig 11.15 (a) with
focus at (a, 0) a > 0; and directricx x = – a as below:
Let F be the focus and l the directrix. Let
FM be perpendicular to the directrix and bisect
FM at the point O. Produce MO to X. By the
definition of parabola, the mid-point O is on the
parabola and is called the vertex of the parabola.
Take O as origin, OX the x-axis and OY
perpendicular to it as the y-axis. Let the distance
from the directrix to the focus be 2a. Then, the
coordinates of the focus are (a, 0), and the
equation of the directrix is x + a = 0 as in Fig11.16.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the parabola such that
PF = PB, ... (1)
where PB is perpendicular to l. The coordinates of B are (– a, y). By the distance
formula, we have
PF =
2 2
( )
x – a y
+
and PB =
2
( )
x a
+
Since PF = PB, we have
2 2 2
( ) ( )
x – a y x a
+ = +
i.e. (x – a)
2
+ y
2
= (x + a)
2
or x
2
– 2ax + a
2
+ y
2
= x
2
+ 2ax + a
2
or y
2
= 4ax ( a > 0).
Fig 11.15 (a) to (d)
Fig 11.16
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244 MATHEMATICS
Hence, any point on the parabola satisfies
y
2
= 4ax. ... (2)
Conversely, let P(x, y) satisfy the equation (2)
PF =
2 2
( )
x – a y
+
=
2
( ) 4
x – a ax
+
=
2
( )
x a
+
= PB ... (3)
and so P(x,y) lies on the parabola.
Thus, from (2) and (3) we have proved that the equation to the parabola with
vertex at the origin, focus at (a,0) and directrix x = – a is y
2
= 4ax.
Discussion In equation (2), since a > 0, x can assume any positive value or zero but
no negative value and the curve extends indefinitely far into the first and the fourth
quadrants. The axis of the parabola is the positive x-axis.
Similarly, we can derive the equations of the parabolas in:
Fig 11.15 (b) as y
2
= – 4ax,
Fig 11.15 (c) as x
2
= 4ay,
Fig 11.15 (d) as x
2
= – 4ay,
These four equations are known as standard equations of parabolas.
A
Note The standard equations of parabolas have focus on one of the coordinate
axis; vertex at the origin
and thereby the directrix is parallel to the other coordinate
axis. However, the study of the equations of parabolas with focus at any point and
any line as directrix is beyond the scope here.
From the standard equations of the parabolas, Fig11.15, we have the following
observations:
1. Parabola is symmetric with respect to the axis of the parabola.If the equation
has a y
2
term, then the axis of symmetry is along the x-axis and if the
equation has an x
2
term, then the axis of symmetry is along the y-axis.
2. When the axis of symmetry is along the x-axis the parabola opens to the
(a) right if the coefficient of x is positive,
(b) left if the coefficient of x is negative.
3. When the axis of symmetry is along the y-axis the parabola opens
(c) upwards if the coefficient of y is positive.
(d) downwards if the coefficient of y is negative.
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CONIC SECTIONS 245
11.4.2 Latus rectum
Definition 3 Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of
the parabola, through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola (Fig11.17).
To find the Length of the latus rectum of the parabola y
2
= 4ax (Fig 11.18).
By the definition of the parabola, AF = AC.
But AC = FM = 2
a
Hence AF = 2a.
And since the parabola is symmetric with respect to x-axis AF = FB and so
AB = Length of the latus rectum = 4a.
Fig 11.17 Fig 11.18
Example 5 Find the coordinates of the focus, axis,
the equation of the directrix and latus rectum of
the parabola y
2
= 8x.
Solution The given equation involves y
2
, so the
axis of symmetry is along the x-axis.
The coefficient of x is positive so the parabola opens
to the right. Comparing with the given equation
y
2
= 4ax, we find that a = 2.
Thus, the focus of the parabola is (2, 0) and the equation of the directrix of the parabola
is x = – 2 (Fig 11.19).
Length of the latus rectum is 4a = 4 × 2 = 8.
Fig 11.19
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246 MATHEMATICS
Example 6 Find the equation of the parabola with focus (2,0) and directrix x = – 2.
Solution
Since the focus (2,0) lies on the x-axis, the x-axis itself is the axis of the
parabola. Hence the equation of the parabola is of the form either
y
2
= 4ax or y
2
= – 4ax. Since the directrix is x = – 2 and the focus is (2,0), the parabola
is to be of the form y
2
= 4ax with a = 2. Hence the required equation is
y
2
= 4(2)x = 8x
Example 7 Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at (0, 0) and focus at (0, 2).
Solution
Since the vertex is at (0,0) and the focus is at (0,2) which lies on y-axis, the
y-axis is the axis of the parabola. Therefore,
equation of the parabola is of the form
x
2
= 4
ay. thus, we have
x
2
= 4(2)
y, i.e., x
2
= 8y.
Example 8 Find the equation of the parabola which is symmetric about the y-axis, and
passes through the point (2,–3).
Solution Since the parabola is symmetric about y-axis and has its vertex at the origin,
the equation is of the form x
2
= 4ay or x
2
= – 4ay, where the sign depends on whether
the parabola opens upwards or downwards. But the parabola passes through (2,–3)
which lies in the fourth quadrant, it must open downwards. Thus the equation is of
the form x
2
= – 4ay.
Since the parabola passes through ( 2,–3), we have
2
2
= – 4a (–3), i.e., a =
1
3
Therefore, the equation of the parabola is
x
2
=
1
4
3
−
y, i.e., 3x
2
= – 4y.
EXERCISE 11.2
In each of the following Exercises 1 to 6, find the coordinates of the focus, axis of the
parabola, the equation of the directrix and the length of the latus rectum.
1. y
2
= 12x 2. x
2
= 6y 3. y
2
= – 8x
4. x
2
= – 16y 5. y
2
= 10x 6. x
2
= – 9y
In each of the Exercises 7 to 12, find the equation of the parabola that satisfies the
given conditions:
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CONIC SECTIONS 247
Fig 11.20
Fig 11.21
Fig 11.22
We denote the length of the major axis by 2a, the length of the minor axis by 2b
and the distance between the foci by 2c. Thus, the length of the semi major axis is a
and semi-minor axis is b (Fig11.22).
7. Focus (6,0); directrix x = – 6 8. Focus (0,–3); directrix y = 3
9. Vertex (0,0); focus (3,0) 10. Vertex (0,0); focus (–2,0)
11. Vertex (0,0) passing through (2,3) and axis is along x-axis.
12. Vertex (0,0), passing through (5,2) and symmetric with respect to y-axis.
11. 5 Ellipse
Definition 4
An ellipse is the set of all points in
a plane, the sum of whose distances from two
fixed points in the plane is a constant.
The two fixed points are called the foci (plural
of ‘focus’) of the ellipse (Fig11.20).
A
Note The constant which is the sum of
the distances of a point on the ellipse from the
two fixed points is always greater than the
distance between the two fixed points.
The mid point of the line segment joining the foci is called the centre of the
ellipse. The line segment through the foci of the ellipse is called the major axis and the
line segment through the centre and perpendicular to the major axis is called the minor
axis. The end points of the major axis are called the vertices
of the ellipse(Fig 11.21).
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248 MATHEMATICS
11.5.1 Relationship between semi-major
axis, semi-minor axis and the distance of
the focus from the centre of the ellipse
(Fig 11.23).
Take a point P at one end of the major axis.
Sum of the distances of the point P to the
foci is F
1
P + F
2
P = F
1
O + OP + F
2
P
(Since, F
1
P = F
1
O + OP)
= c + a + a – c = 2a
Take a point Q at one end of the minor axis.
Sum of the distances from the point Q to the foci is
F
1
Q + F
2
Q =
2222
cbcb +++
=
22
2 cb +
Since both P and Q lies on the ellipse.
By the definition of ellipse, we have
2
22
cb +
= 2a, i.e., a =
22
cb +
or a
2
= b
2
+ c
2
, i.e., c =
22
ba −
.
11.5.2 Special cases of an ellipse In the equation
c
2
= a
2
– b
2
obtained above, if we keep a fixed and
vary c from 0 to a, the resulting ellipses will vary in
shape.
Case (i) When c = 0, both foci merge together with
the centre of the ellipse and a
2
= b
2
, i.e., a = b, and so
the ellipse becomes circle (Fig11.24). Thus, circle is a
special case of an ellipse which is dealt in Section 11.3.
Case (ii) When c = a, then b = 0. The ellipse reduces
to the line segment F
1
F
2
joining the two foci (Fig11.25).
11.5.3 Eccentricity
Definition 5 The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio of the distances from the centre
of the ellipse to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse (eccentricity is
denoted by e) i.e.,
c
e
a
=
.
Fig 11.23
Fig 11.24
Fig 11.25
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CONIC SECTIONS 249
Then since the focus is at a distance of c from the centre, in terms of the eccentricity
the focus is at a distance of ae from the centre.
11.5.4 Standard equations of an ellipse The equation of an ellipse is simplest if the
centre
of the ellipse is at the origin and the foci are
Fig 11.26
(a)
on the x-axis or y-axis. The two such possible orientations are shown in Fig 11.26.
We will derive the equation for the ellipse shown above in Fig 11.26 (a) with foci
on the x-axis.
Let F
1
and F
2
be the foci and O be the mid-
point of the line segment F
1
F
2
. Let O be the origin
and the line from O through F
2
be the positive
x-axis and that through F
1
as the negative x-axis.
Let, the line through O perpendicular to the
x-axis be the y-axis. Let the coordinates of F
1
be
(– c, 0) and F
2
be (c, 0) (Fig 11.27).
Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse such
that the sum of the distances from P to the two
foci be 2a so given
PF
1
+ PF
2
= 2a. ... (1)
Using the distance formula, we have
2222
)()( ycxycx +−+++
= 2a
i.e.,
22
)( ycx ++
= 2a –
22
)( ycx +−
Fig 11.27
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
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250 MATHEMATICS
Squaring both sides, we get
(x + c)
2
+ y
2
= 4a
2
– 4a
2222
)()( ycxycx +−++−
which on simplification gives
x
a
c
aycx −=+−
22
)(
Squaring again and simplifying, we get
22
2
2
2
ca
y
a
x
−
+
= 1
i.e.,
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
+
= 1 (Since c
2
= a
2
– b
2
)
Hence any point on the ellipse satisfies
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
+
= 1. ... (2)
Conversely, let P (x, y) satisfy the equation (2) with 0 < c < a. Then
y
2
= b
2
−
2
2
1
a
x
Therefore, PF
1
=
2 2
( )
x c y
+ +
=
−
++
2
22
22
)(
a
xa
bcx
=
2 2
2 2 2
2
( ) ( )
a x
x c a c
a
−
+ + −
(since b
2
= a
2
– c
2
)
=
2
cx c
a a x
a a
+ = +
Similarly PF
2
=
c
a x
a
−
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CONIC SECTIONS 251
Hence PF
1
+ PF
2
=
2
c c
a x a – x a
a a
+ + =
... (3)
So, any point that satisfies
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
+
= 1, satisfies the geometric condition and so
P(x, y) lies on the ellipse.
Hence from (2) and (3), we proved that the equation of an ellipse with centre of
the origin and major axis along the x-axis is
2 2
2 2
x y
a b
+
= 1.
Discussion From the equation of the ellipse obtained above, it follows that for every
point P (x, y) on the ellipse, we have
2
2
2
2
1
b
y
a
x
−=
≤ 1, i.e., x
2
≤ a
2
, so – a ≤ x ≤ a.
Therefore, the ellipse lies between the lines x = – a and x = a and touches these lines.
Similarly, the ellipse lies between the lines y = – b and y = b and touches these
lines.
Similarly, we can derive the equation of the ellipse in Fig 11.26 (b) as
2 2
2 2
1
x y
b a
+ =
.
These two equations are known as standard equations of the ellipses.
A
Note The standard equations of ellipses have centre at the origin and the
major and minor axis are coordinate axes. However, the study of the ellipses with
centre at any other point, and any line through the centre as major and the minor
axes passing through the centre and perpendicular to major axis are beyond the
scope here.
From the standard equations of the ellipses (Fig11.26), we have the following
observations:
1. Ellipse is symmetric with respect to both the coordinate axes since if (x, y) is a
point on the ellipse, then (– x, y), (x, –y) and (– x, –y) are also points on the ellipse.
2. The foci always lie on the major axis. The major axis can be determined by
finding the intercepts on the axes of symmetry. That is, major axis is along the x-axis
if the coefficient of x
2
has the larger denominator and it is along the y-axis if the
coefficient of y
2
has the larger denominator.
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252 MATHEMATICS
11.5.5
Latus rectum
Definition 6 Latus rectum of an ellipse is a
line segment perpendicular to the major axis
through any of the foci and whose end points
lie on the ellipse (Fig 11.28).
To find the length of the latus rectum
of the ellipse
1
x y
a b
2 2
2 2
+ =
Let the length of AF
2
be l.
Then the coordinates of A are (c, l ),i.e.,
(ae, l )
Since A lies on the ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
, we have
2 2
2 2
( )
1
ae l
a b
+ =
⇒ l
2
= b
2
(1 – e
2
)
But
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1
c a – b b
e –
a a a
= = =
Therefore l
2
=
4
2
b
a
, i.e.,
2
b
l
a
=
Since the ellipse is symmetric with respect to y-axis (of course, it is symmetric w.r.t.
both the coordinate axes), AF
2
= F
2
B and so length of the latus rectum is
2
2
b
a
.
Example 9 Find the coordinates of the foci, the vertices, the length of major axis, the
minor axis, the eccentricity and the latus rectum of the ellipse
2 2
1
25 9
x y
+ =
Solution Since denominator of
2
25
x
is larger than the denominator of
2
9
y
, the major
Fig 11. 28
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CONIC SECTIONS 253
axis is along the x-axis. Comparing the given equation with
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
, we get
a = 5 and b = 3. Also
2 2
25 9 4
c a – b –
= = =
Therefore, the coordinates of the foci are (– 4,0) and (4,0), vertices are (– 5, 0) and
(5, 0). Length of the major axis is 10 units length of the minor axis 2b is 6 units and the
eccentricity is
4
5
and latus rectum is
2
2 18
5
b
a
=
.
Example 10 Find the coordinates of the foci, the vertices, the lengths of major and
minor axes and the eccentricity of the ellipse 9x
2
+ 4y
2
= 36.
Solution The given equation of the ellipse can be written in standard form as
2 2
1
4 9
x y
+ =
Since the denominator of
2
9
y
is larger than the denominator of
2
4
x
, the major axis is
along the y-axis. Comparing the given equation with the standard equation
2 2
2 2
1
x y
b a
+ =
, we have b = 2 and a = 3.
Also c =
2 2
a – b
=
9 4 5
– =
and
5
3
c
e
a
= =
Hence the foci are (0,
5
) and (0, –
5
), vertices are (0,3) and (0, –3), length of the
major axis is 6 units, the length of the minor axis is 4 units and the eccentricity of the
ellipse is
5
3
.
Example 11 Find the equation of the ellipse whose vertices are (± 13, 0) and foci are
(± 5, 0).
Solution Since the vertices are on x-axis, the equation will be of the form
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
, where a is the semi-major axis.
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Given that a = 13, c =
± 5.
Therefore, from the relation c
2
= a
2
– b
2
, we get
25 = 169 – b
2
, i.e.,
b = 12
Hence the equation of the ellipse is
2 2
1
169 144
x y
+ =
.
Example 12 Find the equation of the ellipse, whose length of the major axis is 20 and
foci are (0, ± 5).
Solution Since the foci are on y-axis, the major axis is along the y-axis. So, equation
of the ellipse is of the form
2 2
2 2
1
x y
b a
+ =
.
Given that
a = semi-major axis
20
10
2
= =
and the relation c
2
= a
2
– b
2
gives
5
2
= 10
2
– b
2
i.e., b
2
= 75
Therefore, the equation of the ellipse is
2 2
1
75 100
x y
+ =
Example 13 Find the equation of the ellipse, with major axis along the x-axis and
passing through the points (4, 3) and (– 1,4).
Solution The standard form of the ellipse is
2
2
2
2
b
y
a
x
+
= 1. Since the points (4, 3)
and (–1, 4) lie on the ellipse, we have
1
916
22
=+
ba
... (1)
and
22
161
ba
+
= 1 ….(2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), we find that
2
247
7
a =
and
2
247
15
b =
.
Hence the required equation is
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2 2
1
247
247
15
7
x y
+ =
, i.e., 7x
2
+ 15y
2
= 247.
EXERCISE 11.3
In each of the Exercises 1 to 9, find the coordinates of the foci, the vertices, the length
of major axis, the minor axis, the eccentricity and the length of the latus rectum of the
ellipse.
1.
2 2
1
36 16
x y
+ =
2.
2 2
1
4 25
x y
+ =
3.
2 2
1
16 9
x y
+ =
4.
2 2
1
25 100
x y
+ =
5.
2 2
1
49 36
x y
+ =
6.
400100
22
yx
+
= 1
7. 36x
2
+ 4y
2
= 144 8. 16x
2
+ y
2
= 16 9. 4x
2
+ 9y
2
= 36
In each of the following Exercises 10 to 20, find the equation for the ellipse that satisfies
the given conditions:
10. Vertices (± 5, 0), foci (± 4, 0)
11. Vertices (0, ± 13), foci (0, ± 5)
12. Vertices (± 6, 0), foci (
± 4, 0)
13. Ends of major axis (± 3, 0), ends of minor axis (0, ± 2)
14. Ends of major axis (0, ±
5
), ends of minor axis (± 1, 0)
15. Length of major axis 26, foci (± 5, 0)
16. Length of minor axis 16, foci (0, ± 6).
17. Foci (± 3, 0), a = 4
18. b = 3, c = 4, centre at the origin; foci on the x axis.
19. Centre at (0,0), major axis on the y-axis and passes through the points (3, 2) and
(1,6).
20. Major axis on the x-axis and passes through the points (4,3) and (6,2).
11.6 Hyperbola
Definition 7 A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose
distances from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
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The term “difference” that is used in the definition means the distance to the
farther point minus the distance to the closer point. The two fixed points are called the
foci of the hyperbola. The mid-point of the line segment joining the foci is called the
centre of the hyperbola. The line through the foci is called the transverse axis and
the line through the centre and perpendicular to the transverse axis is called the conjugate
axis. The points at which the hyperbola
intersects the transverse axis are called the
vertices of the hyperbola (Fig 11.29).
We denote the distance between the
two foci by 2c, the distance between two
vertices (the length of the transverse axis)
by 2a and we define the quantity b as
b =
2 2
c – a
Also 2b is the length of the conjugate axis
(Fig 11.30).
To find the constant P
1
F
2
– P
1
F
1
:
By taking the point P at A and B in the Fig 11.30, we have
BF
1
– BF
2
= AF
2
– AF
1
(by the definition of the hyperbola)
BA +AF
1
– BF
2
= AB + BF
2
– AF
1
i.e., AF
1
= BF
2
So that,
BF
1
– BF
2
= BA + AF
1
– BF
2
= BA = 2a
Fig 11.29
Fig 11.30
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11.6.1
Eccentricity
Definition 8 Just like an ellipse, the ratio e =
c
a
is called the eccentricity of the
hyperbola. Since c ≥ a, the eccentricity is never less than one. In terms of the
eccentricity, the foci are at a distance of ae from the centre.
11.6.2 Standard equation of Hyperbola The equation of a hyperbola is simplest if
the centre of the hyperbola is at the origin and the foci are on the x-axis or y-axis. The
two such possible orientations are shown in Fig11.31.
We will derive the equation for the hyperbola
shown in Fig 11.31(a) with foci on
the
x-axis.
Let F
1
and F
2
be the foci and O be the mid-point of the line segment F
1
F
2
. Let O
be the origin and the line through O
through F
2
be the positive x-axis and
that through F
1
as the negative
x-axis. The line through O
perpendicular to the x-axis be the
y-axis. Let the coordinates of F
1
be
(– c
,0) and F
2
be (
c,0) (Fig 11.32).
Let P(x, y) be any point on the
hyperbola such that the difference
of the distances from P to the farther
point minus the closer point be 2a.
So given, PF
1
– PF
2
= 2a
Fig 11.31
(a)
(b)
Fig 11.32
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258 MATHEMATICS
Using the distance formula, we have
2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) 2
x c y – x – c y a
+ + + =
i.e.,
2 2 2 2
( ) 2 ( )
x c y a x – c y
+ + = + +
Squaring both side, we get
(x + c)
2
+ y
2
= 4a
2
+ 4a
2 2
( )
x – c y
+
+ (x – c)
2
+ y
2
and on simplifying, we get
a
cx
– a =
2 2
( )
x – c y
+
On squaring again and further simplifying, we get
2 2
2 2 2
1
x y
–
a c – a
=
i.e.,
2 2
2 2
1
x y
–
a b
=
(Since c
2
– a
2
= b
2
)
Hence any point on the hyperbola satisfies
2 2
2 2
1
x y
–
a b
=
1.
Conversely, let P(x, y) satisfy the above equation with 0 < a < c. Then
y
2
= b
2
2 2
2
x – a
a
Therefore, PF
1
= +
2 2
( )
x c y
+ +
= +
2 2
2 2
2
( )
x – a
x c b
a
+ +
= a +
x
a
c
Similarly, PF
2
= a –
a
c
x
In hyperbola c > a; and since P is to the right of the line x = a, x > a,
c
a
x > a. Therefore,
a –
c
a
x becomes negative. Thus, PF
2
=
c
a
x – a.
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Therefore PF
1
– PF
2
= a +
c
a
x –
cx
a
+ a = 2a
Also, note that if P is to the left of the line x = – a, then
PF
1
c
– a x
a
= +
, PF
2
= a –
c
x
a
.
In that case P F
2
– PF
1
= 2a. So, any point that satisfies
2 2
2 2
1
x y
–
a b
=
, lies on the
hyperbola.
Thus, we proved that the equation of hyperbola with origin (0,0) and transverse axis
along x-axis is
2 2
2 2
1
x y
–
a b
=
.
A
Note A hyperbola in which a = b is called an equilateral hyperbola.
Discussion From the equation of the hyperbola we have obtained, it follows that, we
have for every point (x, y) on the hyperbola,
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= +
≥ 1.
i.e,
a
x
≥ 1, i.e., x ≤ – a or x ≥ a. Therefore, no portion of the curve lies between the
lines x = + a and x = – a, (i.e. no real intercept on the conjugate axis).
Similarly, we can derive the equation of the hyperbola in Fig 11.31 (b) as
2 2
2 2
y x
a b
−
= 1
These two equations are known as the standard equations of hyperbolas.
A
Note The standard equations of hyperbolas have transverse and conjugate
axes as the coordinate axes and the centre at the origin. However, there are
hyperbolas with any two perpendicular lines as transverse and conjugate axes, but
the study of such cases will be dealt in higher classes.
From the standard equations of hyperbolas (Fig11.29), we have the following
observations:
1. Hyperbola is symmetric with respect to both the axes, since if (x, y) is a point on
the hyperbola, then (– x, y), (x, – y) and (– x, – y) are also points on the hyperbola.
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260 MATHEMATICS
2. The foci are always on the transverse axis. It is the positive term whose
denominator gives the transverse axis. For example,
2 2
1
9 16
x y
–
=
has transverse axis along x-axis of length 6, while
2 2
1
25 16
y x
–
=
has transverse axis along y-axis of length 10.
11.6.3 Latus rectum
Definition 9 Latus rectum of hyperbola is a line segment perpendicular to the transverse
axis through any of the foci and whose end points lie on the hyperbola.
As in ellipse, it is easy to show that the length of the latus rectum in hyperbola is
2
2
b
a
.
Example 14 Find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices, the eccentricity,the
length of the latus rectum of the hyperbolas:
(i)
2 2
1
9 16
x y
–
=
, (ii) y
2
– 16x
2
= 16
Solution (i) Comparing the equation
2 2
1
9 16
x y
–
=
with the standard equation
2 2
2 2
1
x y
–
a b
=
Here, a = 3, b = 4 and c =
2 2
9 16 5
a b
+ = + =
Therefore, the coordinates of the foci are (± 5, 0) and that of vertices are (± 3, 0).Also,
The eccentricity e =
5
3
c
a
=
. The latus rectum
2
2 32
3
b
a
= =
(ii) Dividing the equation by 16 on both sides, we have
2 2
1
16 1
y x
–
=
Comparing the equation with the standard equation
2 2
2 2
1
y x
–
a b
=
, we find that
a = 4, b = 1 and
2 2
16 1 17
c a b= + = + =
.
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Therefore, the coordinates of the foci are (0, ±
17
) and that of the vertices are
(0, ± 4).
Also,
The eccentricity
17
4
c
e
a
= =
. The latus rectum
2
2 1
2
b
a
= =
.
Example 15 Find the equation of the hyperbola with foci (0,
± 3) and vertices
(0, ±
11
2
).
Solution Since the foci is on y-axis, the equation of the hyperbola is of the form
2 2
2 2
1
y x
–
a b
=
Since vertices are (0, ±
11
2
), a
=
11
2
Also, since foci are (0,
±
3); c = 3 and b
2
=
c
2
– a
2
=
25
4
.
Therefore, the equation of the hyperbola is
2 2
11 25
4 4
y x
–
= 1, i.e.,
100 y
2
– 44 x
2
= 275.
Example 16 Find the equation of the hyperbola where foci are (0,
±12) and the length
of the latus rectum is 36.
Solution Since foci are (0,
± 12), it follows that
c = 12.
Length of the latus rectum =
36
2
2
=
a
b
or
b
2
= 18
a
Therefore
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
; gives
144 = a
2
+ 18
a
i.e.,
a
2
+ 18a – 144 = 0,
So
a = – 24, 6.
Since a cannot be negative, we take a = 6 and so
b
2
= 108.
Therefore, the equation of the required hyperbola is
2 2
1
36 108
y x
–
=
, i.e., 3y
2
– x
2
= 108
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262 MATHEMATICS
Fig 11.33
EXERCISE 11.4
In each of the Exercises 1 to 6, find the coordinates of the foci and the vertices, the
eccentricity and the length of the latus rectum of the hyperbolas.
1.
2 2
1
16 9
x y
–
=
2.
2 2
1
9 27
y x
–
=
3. 9y
2
– 4x
2
= 36
4. 16x
2
– 9y
2
= 576 5. 5y
2
– 9x
2
= 36 6. 49y
2
– 16x
2
= 784.
In each of the Exercises 7 to 15, find the equations of the hyperbola satisfying the given
conditions.
7. Vertices (± 2, 0), foci (± 3, 0)
8. Vertices (0, ± 5), foci (0, ± 8)
9. Vertices (0, ± 3), foci (0, ± 5)
10. Foci (± 5, 0), the transverse axis is of length 8.
11. Foci (0, ±13), the conjugate axis is of length 24.
12. Foci (± 3
5
, 0), the latus rectum is of length 8.
13. Foci (± 4, 0), the latus rectum is of length 12
14. vertices (± 7,0), e =
3
4
.
15. Foci (0, ±
10
), passing through (2,3)
Miscellaneous Examples
Example 17 The focus of a parabolic mirror as shown in Fig 11.33 is at a distance of
5 cm from its vertex. If the mirror is 45 cm deep, find
the distance AB (Fig 11.33).
Solution Since the distance from the focus to the
vertex is 5 cm. We have, a = 5. If the origin is taken at
the vertex and the axis of the mirror lies along the
positive x-axis, the equation of the parabolic section is
y
2
= 4 (5) x = 20 x
Note that x = 45. Thus
y
2
= 900
Therefore y =
±
30
Hence AB = 2y = 2 × 30 = 60 cm.
Example 18 A beam is supported at its ends by
supports which are 12 metres apart. Since the load is concentrated at its centre, there
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CONIC SECTIONS 263
is a deflection of 3 cm at the centre and the deflected beam is in the shape of a
parabola. How far from the centre is the deflection 1 cm?
Solution
Let the vertex be at the lowest point and the axis vertical. Let the coordinate
axis be chosen as shown in Fig 11.34.
Fig 11.34
The equation of the parabola takes the form x
2
= 4ay. Since it passes through
3
6
100
,
, we have (6)
2
= 4a
3
100
, i.e., a =
36 100
12
×
= 300 m
Let AB be the deflection of the beam which is
1
100
m. Coordinates of B are (x,
2
100
).
Therefore x
2
= 4 × 300 ×
2
100
= 24
i.e. x =
24
=
2 6
metres
Example 19 A rod AB of length 15 cm rests in between two coordinate axes in such
a way that the end point A lies on x-axis and end point B lies on
y-axis. A point P(x, y) is taken on the rod in such a way
that AP = 6 cm. Show that the locus of P is an ellipse.
Solution Let AB be the rod making an angle θ with
OX as shown in Fig 11.35 and P (x, y) the point on it
such that AP = 6 cm.
Since AB = 15 cm, we have
PB = 9 cm.
From P draw PQ and PR perpendiculars on y-axis and
x-axis, respectively.
Fig 11.35
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264 MATHEMATICS
From ∆ PBQ, cos θ =
9
x
From ∆ PRA, sin θ =
6
y
Since cos
2
θ + sin
2
θ = 1
2 2
1
9 6
x y
+ =
or
2 2
1
81 36
x y
+ =
Thus the locus of P is an ellipse.
Miscellaneous Exercise on Chapter 11
1. If a parabolic reflector is 20 cm in diameter and 5 cm deep, find the focus.
2. An arch is in the form of a parabola with its axis vertical. The arch is 10 m high
and 5 m wide at the base. How wide is it 2 m from the vertex of the parabola?
3. The cable of a uniformly loaded suspension bridge hangs in the form of a parabola.
The roadway which is horizontal and 100 m long is supported by vertical wires
attached to the cable, the longest wire being 30 m and the shortest being 6 m.
Find the length of a supporting wire attached to the roadway 18 m from the
middle.
4. An arch is in the form of a semi-ellipse. It is 8 m wide and 2 m high at the centre.
Find the height of the arch at a point 1.5 m from one end.
5. A rod of length 12 cm moves with its ends always touching the coordinate axes.
Determine the equation of the locus of a point P on the rod, which is 3 cm from
the end in contact with the x-axis.
6. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines joining the vertex of the parabola
x
2
= 12y to the ends of its latus rectum.
7. A man running a racecourse notes that the sum of the distances from the two flag
posts from him is always 10 m and the distance between the flag posts is 8 m.
Find the equation of the posts traced by the man.
8. An equilateral triangle is inscribed in the parabola y
2
= 4 ax, where one vertex is
at the vertex of the parabola. Find the length of the side of the triangle.
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Summary
In this Chapter the following concepts and generalisations are studied.
®
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point
in the plane.
®
The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and the radius r is
(x – h)
2
+ (y – k)
2
= r
2
.
®
A parabola is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
line and a fixed point in the plane.
®
The equation of the parabola with focus at (
a, 0) a > 0 and directrix x = –
a is
y
2
= 4ax.
®
Latus rectum of a parabola is a line segment perpendicular to the axis of the
parabola, through the focus and whose end points lie on the parabola.
®
Length of the latus rectum of the parabola y
2
= 4
ax is 4
a.
®
An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane, the sum of whose distances from
two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
®
The equation of an ellipse with foci on the x-axis is
2 2
2 2
1
x y
+ =
a b
.
®
Latus rectum of an ellipse is a line segment perpendicular to the major axis
through any of the foci and whose end points lie on the ellipse.
®
Length of the latus rectum of the ellipse
2 2
2 2
+ = 1
x y
a b
is
2
2
b
a
.
®
The eccentricity of an ellipse is the ratio between the distances from the centre
of the ellipse to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the ellipse.
®
A hyperbola is the set of all points in a plane, the difference of whose distances
from two fixed points in the plane is a constant.
®
The equation of a hyperbola with foci on the x-axis is :
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
− =
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266 MATHEMATICS
®
Latus rectum of hyperbola is a line segment perpendicular to the transverse
axis through any of the foci and whose end points lie on the hyperbola.
®
Length of the latus rectum of the hyperbola :
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
− =
is :
2
2
b
a
.
®
The eccentricity of a hyperbola is the ratio of the distances from the centre of
the hyperbola to one of the foci and to one of the vertices of the hyperbola.
Historical Note
Geometry is one of the most ancient branches of mathematics. The Greek
geometers investigated the properties of many curves that have theoretical and
practical importance. Euclid wrote his treatise on geometry around 300 B.C. He
was the first who organised the geometric figures based on certain axioms
suggested by physical considerations. Geometry as initially studied by the ancient
Indians and Greeks, who made essentially no use of the process of algebra. The
synthetic approach to the subject of geometry as given by Euclid and in
Sulbasutras, etc., was continued for some 1300 years. In the 200 B.C., Apollonius
wrote a book called ‘The Conic’ which was all about conic sections with many
important discoveries that have remained unsurpassed for eighteen centuries.
Modern analytic geometry is called ‘Cartesian’ after the name of Rene
Descartes (1596-1650) whose relevant ‘La Geometrie’ was published in 1637.
But the fundamental principle and method of analytical geometry were already
discovered by Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665). Unfortunately, Fermats treatise on
the subject, entitled Ad Locus Planos et So LIDOS Isagoge (Introduction to
Plane and Solid Loci) was published only posthumously in
1679. So, Descartes came to be regarded as the unique inventor of the analytical
geometry.
Isaac Barrow avoided using cartesian method. Newton used method of
undetermined coefficients to find equations of curves. He used several types of
coordinates including polar and bipolar. Leibnitz used the terms ‘abscissa’,
‘ordinate’ and ‘coordinate’. L’ Hospital (about 1700) wrote an important textbook
on analytical geometry.
Clairaut (1729) was the first to give the distance formula although in clumsy
form. He also gave the intercept form of the linear equation. Cramer (1750)
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CONIC SECTIONS 267
made formal use of the two axes and gave the equation of a circle as
( y – a)
2
+ (b – x)
2
= r
He gave the best exposition of the analytical geometry of his time. Monge
(1781) gave the modern ‘point-slope’ form of equation of a line as
y – y′ =
a (x – x′)
and the condition of perpendicularity of two lines as aa′ + 1 = 0.
S.F. Lacroix (1765–1843) was a prolific textbook writer, but his contributions
to analytical geometry are found scattered. He gave the ‘two-point’ form of
equation of a line as
β β
β = ( α)
α α
–
y – x –
–
′
′
and the length of the perpendicular from (α, β) on y = ax + b as
2
(
β )
1
– a – b
a
+
.
His formula for finding angle between two lines was tan θ
1
a – a
aa
′
=
′
+
. It is, of
course, surprising that one has to wait for more than 150 years after the invention
of analytical geometry before finding such essential basic formula. In 1818, C.
Lame, a civil engineer, gave mE + m′E′ = 0 as the curve passing through the
points of intersection of two loci E = 0 and E′ = 0.
Many important discoveries, both in Mathematics and Science, have been
linked to the conic sections. The Greeks particularly Archimedes (287–212 B.C.)
and Apollonius (200 B.C.) studied conic sections for their own beauty. These
curves are important tools for present day exploration of outer space and also for
research into behaviour of atomic particles.
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