After studying this Unit, you will be

able to

• name alcohols, phenols and

ethers according to the IUPAC

system of nomenclature;

• discuss the reactions involved in

the preparation of alcohols from

alkenes, aldehydes, ketones and

carboxylic acids;

• discuss the reactions involved in

the preparation of phenols from

haloarenes, benzene sulphonic

acids, diazonium salts and

cumene;

• discuss the reactions for

preparation of ethers from

(i) alcohols and (ii) alkyl halides

and sodium alkoxides/aryloxides;

• correlate physical properties of

alcohols, phenols and ethers with

their structures;

• discuss chemical reactions of the

three classes of compounds on

the basis of their functional

groups.

Objectives

Alcohols, phenols and ethers are the basic compounds for the

formation of detergents, antiseptics and fragrances, respectively.

Unit

Alcohols

PhenolsPhenols

Phenols

andand

and

therther

ther

AlcoholsAlcohols

Alcohols

PhenolsPhenols

Phenols

andand

and

therther

ther

You have learnt that substitution of one or more

hydrogen atom(s) from a hydrocarbon by another atom

or a group of atoms result in the formation of an entirely

new compound having altogether different properties

and applications. Alcohols and phenols are formed

when a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic and

aromatic respectively, is replaced by –OH group. These

classes of compounds find wide applications in industry

as well as in day-to-day life. For instance, have you

ever noticed that ordinary spirit used for polishing

wooden furniture is chiefly a compound containing

hydroxyl group, ethanol. The sugar we eat, the cotton

used for fabrics, the paper we use for writing, are all

made up of compounds containing –OH groups. Just

think of life without paper; no note-books, books, news-

papers, currency notes, cheques, certificates, etc. The

magazines carrying beautiful photographs and

interesting stories would disappear from our life. It

would have been really a different world.

An alcohol contains one or more hydroxyl (OH)

group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s), of an

aliphatic system (CH

OH) while a phenol contains –OH

group(s) directly attached to carbon atom(s) of an

aromatic system (C

OH).

The substitution of a hydrogen atom in a

hydrocarbon by an alkoxy or aryloxy group

(R–O/Ar–O) yields another class of compounds known

as ‘ethers’, for example, CH

OCH

(dimethyl ether). You

may also visualise ethers as compounds formed by

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324Chemistry

substituting the hydrogen atom of hydroxyl group of an alcohol or

phenol by an alkyl or aryl group.

In this unit, we shall discuss the chemistry of three classes of

compounds, namely — alcohols, phenols and ethers.

Monohydric alcohols may be further classified according to the

hybridisation of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is

attached.

(i) Compounds containing

C OH

−

bond: In this class of alcohols,

the –OH group is attached to an sp

hybridised carbon atom of an

alkyl group. They are further classified as follows:

Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols: In these three types of

alcohols, the –OH group is attached to primary, secondary and

tertiary carbon atom, respectively as depicted below:

Allylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached to

a sp

hybridised carbon adjacent to the carbon-carbon double

bond, that is to an allylic carbon. For example

Benzylic alcohols: In these alcohols, the —OH group is attached

to a sp

—hybridised carbon atom next to an aromatic ring. For

example.

The classification of compounds makes their study systematic and

hence simpler. Therefore, let us first learn how are alcohols, phenols

and ethers classified?

Alcohols and phenols may be classified as mono–, di–, tri- or

polyhydric compounds depending on whether they contain one, two,

three or many hydroxyl groups respectively in their structures as

given below:

11.1 11.1

11.1

ClassificationClassification

Classification

11.1.1 Alcohols—

Mono, Di,

Tri or

Polyhydric

alcohols

Monohydric

Dihydric

Trihydric

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325 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Allylic and benzylic alcohols may be primary, secondary or tertiary.

(ii) Compounds containing

C OH

−

bond: These alcohols contain

—OH group bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond, i.e., to a

vinylic carbon or to an aryl carbon. These alcohols are also known

as vinylic alcohols.

Vinylic alcohol: CH

= CH – OH

11.1.3 Ethers

CH OH

(i)

H C

CH OH

(ii)

CH OH

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

11.1 Classify the following as primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols:

11.2 Identify allylic alcohols in the above examples.

Intext QuestionsIntext Questions

Intext Questions

11.2 Nomenclature11.2 Nomenclature

11.2 Nomenclature

(a) Alcohols: The common name of an alcohol is derived from the

common name of the alkyl group and adding the word alcohol to it.

For example, CH

OH is methyl alcohol.

11.1.2 Phenols—

Mono, Di

and

trihydric

phenols

Ethers are classified as simple or symmetrical, if the alkyl or aryl

groups attached to the oxygen atom are the same, and mixed or

unsymmetrical, if the two groups are different. Diethyl ether,

, is a symmetrical ether whereas C

and C

are unsymmetrical ethers.

Monohydric

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326Chemistry

According to IUPAC system (Unit 12, Class XI), the name of an alcohol

is derived from the name of the alkane from which the alcohol is derived,

by substituting ‘e’ of alkane with the suffix ‘ol’. The position of

substituents are indicated by numerals. For this, the longest carbon

chain (parent chain) is numbered starting at the end nearest to the

hydroxyl group. The positions of the –OH group and other substituents

are indicated by using the numbers of carbon atoms to which these are

attached. For naming polyhydric alcohols, the ‘e’ of alkane is retained

and the ending ‘ol’ is added. The number of –OH groups is indicated by

adding the multiplicative prefix, di, tri, etc., before ‘ol’. The positions of

–OH groups are indicated by appropriate locants, e.g., HO–CH

–CH

–OH

is named as ethane–1, 2-diol. Table 11.1 gives common and IUPAC

names of a few alcohols as examples.

Table 11.1: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Alcohols

– OH Methyl alcohol Methanol

– CH

– OH n-Propyl alcohol Propan-1-ol

Isopropyl alcohol Propan-2-ol

– CH

– OH n-Butyl alcohol Butan-1-ol

sec-Butyl alcohol Butan-2-ol

Isobutyl alcohol 2-Methylpropan-1-ol

tert-Butyl alcohol 2-Methylpropan-2-ol

HO–H

C–CH

–OH Ethylene glycol Ethane-1,2-diol

Glycerol Propane -1, 2, 3-triol

Compound Common name IUPAC name

Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and considering

the —OH group attached to C–1.

Cyclohexanol

2-Methylcyclopentanol

(b) Phenols: The simplest hydroxy derivative of benzene is phenol.

It is its common name and also an accepted IUPAC name. As structure

of phenol involves a benzene ring, in its substituted compounds the

terms ortho (1,2- disubstituted), meta (1,3-disubstituted) and para

(1,4-disubstituted) are often used in the common names.

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327 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Common name Phenol o

-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol

IUPAC name Phenol 2-Methylphenol

3-Methylphenol

4-Methylphenol

Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene are known as 1, 2-, 1, 3- and

1, 4-benzenediol.

Common name

Catechol

Benzene- diol1,2-

Resorcinol

Benzene-

diol1,3-

Hydroquinone or quinol

Benzene- diol1,4-

IUPAC name

aryl groups written as separate words in alphabetical order and adding the

word ‘ether’ at the end. For example, CH

is ethylmethyl ether.

Table 11.2: Common and IUPAC Names of Some Ethers

Compound Common name IUPAC name

OCH

Dimethyl ether Methoxymethane

Diethyl ether Ethoxyethane

OCH

Methyl n-propyl ether 1-Methoxypropane

OCH

Methyl phenyl ether Methoxybenzene

(Anisole) (Anisole)

OCH

Ethyl phenyl ether Ethoxybenzene

(Phenetole)

O(CH

)

– CH

Heptyl phenyl ether 1-Phenoxyheptane

Methyl isopropyl ether 2-Methoxypropane

Phenyl isopentyl ether 3- Methylbutoxybenzene

– O – CH

– CH

– OCH

— 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

—

2-Ethoxy-

-1,1-dimethylcyclohexane

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328Chemistry

If both the alkyl groups are the same, the prefix ‘di’ is added before the alkyl

group. For example, C

is diethyl ether.

According to IUPAC system of nomenclature, ethers are regarded as

hydrocarbon derivatives in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an

–OR or –OAr group, where R and Ar represent alkyl and aryl groups,

respectively. The larger (R) group is chosen as the parent hydrocarbon.

The names of a few ethers are given as examples in Table 11.2.

(i) 4-Chloro-2,3-dimethylpentan-1-ol (ii) 2-Ethoxypropane

(iii) 2,6-Dimethylphenol (iv) 1-Ethoxy-2-nitrocyclohexane

OC H

Example 11.1Example 11.1

Example 11.1

SolutionSolution

Solution

(i)

(iii)

(ii)

CH O CH

(ii)

CH OH

CH CH

(i)

(iv)

11.3 Name the following compounds according to IUPAC system.

Intext QuestionIntext Question

Intext Question

(i) (ii)

(iii) (iv) (v)

In alcohols, the oxygen of the –OH group is attached to carbon by a

sigma (

) bond formed by the overlap of a sp

hybridised orbital of

carbon with a sp

hybridised orbital of oxygen. Fig. 11.1 depicts

structural aspects of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane.

11.311.3

11.3

Structures ofStructures of

Structures of

FunctionalFunctional

Functional

GroupsGroups

Groups

Fig. 11.1: Structures of methanol, phenol and methoxymethane

Give IUPAC names of the following compounds:

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329 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

The bond angle in alcohols is slightly less than the tetrahedral

angle (109°-28′). It is due to the repulsion between the unshared

electron pairs of oxygen. In phenols, the –OH group is attached to sp

hybridised carbon of an aromatic ring. The carbon– oxygen bond

length (136 pm) in phenol is slightly less than that in methanol. This

is due to (i) partial double bond character on account of the conjugation

of unshared electron pair of oxygen with the aromatic ring (Section

11.4.4) and (ii) sp

hybridised state of carbon to which oxygen is

attached.

In ethers, the four electron pairs, i.e., the two bond pairs and two

lone pairs of electrons on oxygen are arranged approximately in a

tetrahedral arrangement. The bond angle is slightly greater than the

tetrahedral angle due to the repulsive interaction between the two

bulky (–R) groups. The C–O bond length (141 pm) is almost the same

as in alcohols.

11.4.1 Preparation of Alcohols

Alcohols are prepared by the following methods:

1. From alkenes

(i) By acid catalysed hydration: Alkenes react with water in the

presence of acid as catalyst to form alcohols. In case of

unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition reaction takes place in

accordance with Markovnikov’s rule (Unit 13, Class XI).

Mechanism

The mechanism of the reaction involves the following three steps:

Step 1: Protonation of alkene to form carbocation by electrophilic

attack of H

O + H

→ H

Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation.

Step 3: Deprotonation to form an alcohol.

11.411.4

11.4

Alcohols andAlcohols and

Alcohols and

PhenolsPhenols

Phenols

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330Chemistry

(ii) By hydroboration–oxidation: Diborane (BH

)

reacts with alkenes

to give trialkyl boranes as addition product. This is oxidised to

alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium

hydroxide.

The addition of borane to the double bond takes place in such

a manner that the boron atom gets attached to the sp

carbon

carrying greater number of hydrogen atoms. The alcohol so formed

looks as if it has been formed by the addition of water to the

alkene in a way opposite to the Markovnikov’s rule. In this reaction,

alcohol is obtained in excellent yield.

2. From carbonyl compounds

(i) By reduction of aldehydes and ketones: Aldehydes and ketones

are reduced to the corresponding alcohols by addition of

hydrogen in the presence of catalysts (catalytic hydrogenation).

The usual catalyst is a finely divided metal such as platinum,

palladium or nickel. It is also prepared by treating aldehydes

and ketones with sodium borohydride (NaBH

) or lithium

aluminium hydride (LiAlH

). Aldehydes yield primary alcohols

whereas ketones give secondary alcohols.

(ii) By reduction of carboxylic acids and esters: Carboxylic acids

are reduced to primary alcohols in excellent yields by lithium

aluminium hydride, a strong reducing agent.

RCOOH

(i) LiAlH

(ii) H

RCH OH

However, LiAlH

is an expensive reagent, and therefore, used

for preparing special chemicals only. Commercially, acids are

reduced to alcohols by converting them to the esters (Section

11.4.4), followed by their reduction using hydrogen in the

presence of catalyst (catalytic hydrogenation).

R'OH

Hydroboration -

oxidation was first

reported by H.C.

Brown in 1959. For

his studies on boron

containing organic

compounds, Brown

shared the 1979 Nobel

prize in Chemistry

with G. Wittig.

The numbers in front

of the reagents along

the arrow indicate

that the second

reagent is added only

when the reaction

with first is complete.

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331 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

3. From Grignard reagents

Alcohols are produced by the reaction of Grignard reagents (Unit 10,

Class XII) with aldehydes and ketones.

The first step of the reaction is the nucleophilic addition of Grignard

reagent to the carbonyl group to form an adduct. Hydrolysis of the

adduct yields an alcohol.

... (i)

...(ii)

The overall reactions using different aldehydes and ketones are as

follows:

You will notice that the reaction produces a primary alcohol with

methanal, a secondary alcohol with other aldehydes and tertiary alcohol

with ketones.

Give the structures and IUPAC names of the products expected from

the following reactions:

(a) Catalytic reduction of butanal.

(b) Hydration of propene in the presence of dilute sulphuric acid.

by hydrolysis.

Example 11.2Example 11.2

Example 11.2

SolutionSolution

Solution

(a)

(b)

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, was first isolated in the early

nineteenth century from coal tar. Nowadays, phenol is commercially

produced synthetically. In the laboratory, phenols are prepared from

benzene derivatives by any of the following methods:

11.4.2 Preparation

of Phenols

The reaction of

Grignard reagents

with methanal

produces a primary

alcohol, with other

aldehydes, secondary

alcohols and with

ketones, tertiary

alcohols.

(c)

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332Chemistry

1. From haloarenes

Chlorobenzene is fused with NaOH at 623K and 320 atmospheric

pressure. Phenol is obtained by acidification of sodium phenoxide so

produced (Unit 10, Class XII).

2. From benzenesulphonic acid

Benzene is sulphonated with oleum and benzene sulphonic acid so

formed is converted to sodium phenoxide on heating with molten

sodium hydroxide. Acidification of the sodium salt gives phenol.

3. From diazonium salts

A diazonium salt is formed by treating an aromatic primary amine

with nitrous acid (NaNO

+ HCl) at 273-278 K. Diazonium salts are

hydrolysed to phenols by warming with water or by treating with

dilute acids (Unit 13, Class XII).

H O

NaNO

+HCl

Aniline

N Cl

N + HCl

Benzene diazonium

chloride

Warm

–

4. From cumene

Phenol is manufactured from the hydrocarbon, cumene. Cumene

(isopropylbenzene) is oxidised in the presence of air to cumene

hydroperoxide. It is converted to phenol and acetone by treating it

with dilute acid. Acetone, a by-product of this reaction, is also

obtained in large quantities by this method.

Most of the worldwide

production of phenol is

from cumene.

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333 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols and phenols consist of two parts, an alkyl/aryl group and a

hydroxyl group. The properties of alcohols and phenols are chiefly due

to the hydroxyl group. The nature of alkyl and aryl groups simply

modify these properties.

Boiling Points

The boiling points of alcohols and phenols increase with increase in the

number of carbon atoms (increase in van der Waals forces). In alcohols,

the boiling points decrease with increase of branching in carbon chain

(because of decrease in van der Waals forces with decrease in surface

area).

The –OH group in alcohols and phenols is involved in intermolecular

hydrogen bonding as shown below:

It is interesting to note that boiling points of alcohols and phenols

are higher in comparison to other classes of compounds, namely

hydrocarbons, ethers, haloalkanes and haloarenes of comparable

molecular masses. For example, ethanol and propane have comparable

molecular masses but their boiling points differ widely. The boiling

point of methoxymethane is intermediate of the two boiling points.

11.4.3 Physical

Properties

11.4 Show how are the following alcohols prepared by the reaction of a suitable

Grignard reagent on methanal ?

11.5 Write structures of the products of the following reactions:

Intext QuestionsIntext Questions

Intext Questions

(ii)

(iii)

(i)

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334Chemistry

The high boiling points of alcohols are mainly due to the presence

of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in them which is lacking in ethers

and hydrocarbons.

Solubility

Solubility of alcohols and phenols in

water is due to their ability to form

hydrogen bonds with water molecules

as shown. The solubility decreases with

increase in size of alkyl/aryl (hydro-

phobic) groups. Several of the lower

molecular mass alcohols are miscible

with water in all proportions.

Arrange the following sets of compounds in order of their increasing

boiling points:

(a) Pentan-1-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, methanol.

(b) Pentan-1-ol, n-butane, pentanal, ethoxyethane.

(a) Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, pentan-1-ol.

(b) n-Butane, ethoxyethane, pentanal and pentan-1-ol.

Example 11.3Example 11.3

Example 11.3

SolutionSolution

Solution

Alcohols are versatile compounds. They react both as nucleophiles and

electrophiles. The bond between O–H is broken when alcohols react as

nucleophiles.

11.4.4 Chemical

Reactions

Alcohols as nucleophiles (i)

(ii) The bond between C–O is broken when they react as

electrophiles. Protonated alcohols react in this manner.

Protonated alcohols as electrophiles

Based on the cleavage of O–H and C–O bonds, the reactions

of alcohols and phenols may be divided into two groups:

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335 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

(a) Reactions involving cleavage of O–H bond

1. Acidity of alcohols and phenols

(i) Reaction with metals: Alcohols and phenols react with active

metals such as sodium, potassium and aluminium to yield

corresponding alkoxides/phenoxides and hydrogen.

In addition to this, phenols react with aqueous sodium

hydroxide to form sodium phenoxides.

Sodium phenoxide

+ H O

OH ONa

+ OHNa

The above reactions show that alcohols and phenols are

acidic in nature. In fact, alcohols and phenols are Brönsted

acids i.e., they can donate a proton to a stronger base (B:).

(ii) Acidity of alcohols: The acidic character of alcohols is due to

the polar nature of O–H bond. An electron-releasing group

(–CH

, –C

) increases electron density on oxygen tending to

decrease the polarity of O-H bond. This decreases the acid

strength. For this reason, the acid strength of alcohols decreases

in the following order:

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336Chemistry

Alcohols are, however, weaker acids than water. This can be

illustrated by the reaction of water with an alkoxide.

This reaction shows that water is a better proton donor (i.e.,

stronger acid) than alcohol. Also, in the above reaction, we note

that an alkoxide ion is a better proton acceptor than hydroxide

ion, which suggests that alkoxides are stronger bases (sodium

ethoxide is a stronger base than sodium hydroxide).

Alcohols act as Bronsted bases as well. It is due to the

presence of unshared electron pairs on oxygen, which makes

them proton acceptors.

(iii) Acidity of phenols: The reactions of phenol with metals (e.g.,

sodium, aluminium) and sodium hydroxide indicate its acidic

nature. The hydroxyl group, in phenol is directly attached to

the sp

hybridised carbon of benzene ring which acts as an

electron withdrawing group. Due to this, the charge distribution

in phenol molecule, as depicted in its resonance structures,

causes the oxygen of –OH group to be positive.

The reaction of phenol with aqueous sodium hydroxide

indicates that phenols are stronger acids than alcohols and water.

Let us examine how a compound in which hydroxyl group

attached to an aromatic ring is more acidic than the one in

which hydroxyl group is attached to an alkyl group.

The ionisation of an alcohol and a phenol takes place as follows:

Due to the higher electronegativity of sp

hybridised carbon

of phenol to which –OH is attached, electron density decreases

on oxygen. This increases the polarity of O–H bond and results

in an increase in ionisation of phenols than that of alcohols.

Now let us examine the stabilities of alkoxide and phenoxide

ions. In alkoxide ion, the negative charge is localised on oxygen

while in phenoxide ion, the charge is delocalised.

The delocalisation of negative charge (structures I-V) makes

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337 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

phenoxide ion more stable and favours the ionisation of phenol.

Although there is also charge delocalisation in phenol, its

resonance structures have charge separation due to which the

phenol molecule is less stable than phenoxide ion.

o-Nitrophenol o–O

N–C

–OH 7.2

m-Nitrophenol m–O

N–C

–OH 8.3

p-Nitrophenol p-O

N–C

–OH 7.1

Phenol C

–OH 10.0

o-Cresol o-CH

–C

–OH 10.2

m-Cresol m-CH

–OH 10.1

p-Cresol p-CH

–C

–OH 10.2

Ethanol C

OH 15.9

Table 11.3: pK

Values of some Phenols and Ethanol

Compound Formula pK

From the above data, you will note that phenol is million times

more acidic than ethanol.

Arrange the following compounds in increasing order of their acid strength:

Propan-1-ol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrophenol,

phenol, 4-methylphenol.

Propan-1-ol, 4-methylphenol, phenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrophenol,

2,4, 6-trinitrophenol.

Example 11.4Example 11.4

Example 11.4

SolutionSolution

Solution

2. Esterification

Alcohols and phenols react with carboxylic acids, acid chlorides and

acid anhydrides to form esters.

In substituted phenols, the presence of electron withdrawing

groups such as nitro group, enhances the acidic strength of

phenol. This effect is more pronounced when such a group is

present at ortho and para positions. It is due to the effective

delocalisation of negative charge in phenoxide ion when

substituent is at ortho or para position. On the other hand,

electron releasing groups, such as alkyl groups, in general, do

not favour the formation of phenoxide ion resulting in decrease

in acid strength. Cresols, for example, are less acidic than phenol.

The greater the pK

value, the weaker the

acid.

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338Chemistry

Pyridine

R/Ar +R’ lOH COC

R/Ar

OCOR

+ HCl

’

The reaction with carboxylic acid and acid anhydride is carried

out in the presence of a small amount of concentrated sulphuric

acid. The reaction is reversible, and therefore, water is removed as

soon as it is formed. The reaction with acid chloride is carried out in

the presence of a base (pyridine) so as to neutralise HCl which is

formed during the reaction. It shifts the equilibrium to the right

hand side. The introduction of acetyl (CH

CO) group in alcohols or

phenols is known as acetylation. Acetylation of salicylic acid

produces aspirin.

(b) Reactions involving cleavage of carbon – oxygen (C–O) bond in

alcohols

The reactions involving cleavage of C–O bond take place only in

alcohols. Phenols show this type of reaction only with zinc.

1. Reaction with hydrogen halides: Alcohols react with hydrogen

halides to form alkyl halides (Refer Unit 10, Class XII).

ROH + HX → R–X + H

The difference in reactivity of three classes of alcohols with HCl

distinguishes them from one another (Lucas test). Alcohols are soluble

in Lucas reagent (conc. HCl and ZnCl

) while their halides are immiscible

and produce turbidity in solution. In case of tertiary alcohols, turbidity

is produced immediately as they form the halides easily. Primary

alcohols do not produce turbidity at room temperature.

2. Reaction with phosphorus trihalides: Alcohols are converted to

alkyl bromides by reaction with phosphorus tribromide (Refer Unit

10, Class XII).

3. Dehydration:

Alcohols undergo dehydration (removal of a molecule

of water) to form alkenes on treating with a protic acid e.g.,

concentrated H

or H

, or catalysts such as anhydrous zinc

chloride or alumina (Unit 13, Class XI).

Ethanol undergoes dehydration by heating it with concentrated

at 443 K.

Aspirin possesses

analgesic, anti-

inflammatory and

antipyretic properties.

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339 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Secondary and tertiary alcohols are dehydrated under milder

conditions. For example

Thus, the relative ease of dehydration of alcohols follows the

following order:

ertiary

Secondary

Primary

The mechanism of dehydration of ethanol involves the following steps:

Mechanism

Step 1: Formation of protonated alcohol.

Step 2: Formation of carbocation: It is the slowest step and hence, the

rate determining step of the reaction.

Step 3: Formation of ethene by elimination of a proton.

The acid used in step 1 is released in step 3. To drive the equilibrium

to the right, ethene is removed as it is formed.

4. Oxidation: Oxidation of alcohols involves the formation of a carbon-

oxygen double bond with cleavage of an O-H and C-H bonds.

Such a cleavage and formation of bonds occur in oxidation

reactions. These are also known as dehydrogenation reactions as

these involve loss of dihydrogen from an alcohol molecule. Depending

on the oxidising agent used, a primary alcohol is oxidised to an

aldehyde which in turn is oxidised to a carboxylic acid.

Tertiary carbocations

are more stable and

therefore are easier to

form than secondary

and primary

carbocations; tertiary

alcohols are the easiest

to dehydrate.

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340Chemistry

Strong oxidising agents such as acidified potassium

permanganate are used for getting carboxylic acids from alcohols

directly. CrO

in anhydrous medium is used as the oxidising agent

for the isolation of aldehydes.

CrO

R H RC OH

CHO

→

A better reagent for oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes in

good yield is pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC), a complex of

chromium trioxide with pyridine and HCl.

3 2 3

PCC

OCH CH CH

H CH

CH CH CH− −  − =→ −=

Secondary alcohols are oxidised to ketones by chromic anhyride

(CrO

Tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation reaction. Under strong

reaction conditions such as strong oxidising agents (KMnO

) and

elevated temperatures, cleavage of various C-C bonds takes place

and a mixture of carboxylic

acids containing lesser number

of carbon atoms is formed.

When the vapours of a

primary or a secondary alcohol

are passed over heated copper

at 573 K, dehydrogenation

takes place and an aldehyde or

a ketone is formed while tertiary

alcohols undergo dehydration.

Biological oxidation of methanol and ethanol in the body produces the corresponding

aldehyde followed by the acid. At times the alcoholics, by mistake, drink ethanol,

mixed with methanol also called denatured alcohol. In the body, methanol is oxidised

first to methanal and then to methanoic acid, which may cause blindness and

death. A methanol poisoned patient is treated by giving intravenous infusions of

diluted ethanol. The enzyme responsible for oxidation of aldehyde (HCHO) to acid

is swamped allowing time for kidneys to excrete methanol.

Following reactions are shown by phenols only.

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341 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution

In phenols, the reactions that take place on the aromatic ring are

electrophilic substitution reactions (Unit 13, Class XI). The –OH group

attached to the benzene ring activates it towards electrophilic

substitution. Also, it directs the incoming group to ortho and para

positions in the ring as these positions become electron rich due to

the resonance effect caused by –OH group. The resonance structures

are shown under acidity of phenols.

Common electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions taking place

in phenol are as follows:

(i) Nitration: With dilute nitric acid at low temperature (298 K),

phenol yields a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols.

The ortho and para isomers can be separated by steam

distillation. o-Nitrophenol is steam volatile due to intramolecular

hydrogen bonding while p-nitrophenol is less volatile due to

intermolecular hydrogen bonding which causes the association

of molecules.

With concentrated nitric acid, phenol is converted to

2,4,6-trinitrophenol. The product is commonly known as picric

acid. The yield of the reaction product is poor.

Nowadays picric acid is prepared by treating phenol first

with concentrated sulphuric acid which converts it to

phenol-2,4-disulphonic acid, and then with concentrated nitric

acid to get 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Can you write the equations of

the reactions involved?

2, 4, 6 - Trinitrophenol

is a strong acid due to

the presence of three

electron withdrawing

–NO

groups which

facilitate the release of

hydrogen ion.

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342Chemistry

(ii) Halogenation: On treating phenol with bromine, different reaction

products are formed under different experimental conditions.

(a) When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity

such as CHCl

or CS

and at low temperature,

monobromophenols are formed.

The usual halogenation of benzene takes place in the

presence of a Lewis acid, such as FeBr

(Unit 10, Class XII),

which polarises the halogen molecule. In case of phenol, the

polarisation of bromine molecule takes place even in the

absence of Lewis acid. It is due to the highly activating

effect of –OH group attached to the benzene ring.

(b) When phenol is treated with bromine water,

2,4,6-tribromophenol is formed as white precipitate.

Write the structures of the major products expected from the following

reactions:

(a) Mononitration of 3-methylphenol

(b) Dinitration of 3-methylphenol

The combined influence of –OH and –CH

groups determine the

position of the incoming group.

Example 11.5Example 11.5

Example 11.5

SolutionSolution

Solution

2. Kolbe’s reaction

Phenoxide ion generated by treating phenol with sodium hydroxide

is even more reactive than phenol towards electrophilic aromatic

substitution. Hence, it undergoes electrophilic substitution with

carbon dioxide, a weak electrophile. Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid is

formed as the main reaction product.

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343 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

3. Reimer-Tiemann reaction

On treating phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium

hydroxide, a –CHO group is introduced at ortho position of benzene

ring. This reaction is known as Reimer - Tiemann reaction.

The intermediate substituted benzal chloride is hydrolysed in the

presence of alkali to produce salicylaldehyde.

4. Reaction of phenol with zinc dust

Phenol is converted to benzene on heating with zinc dust.

5. Oxidation

Oxidation of phenol with chromic

acid produces a conjugated diketone

known as benzoquinone. In the

presence of air, phenols are slowly

oxidised to dark coloured mixtures

containing quinones.

11.6 Give structures of the products you would expect when each of the

following alcohol reacts with (a) HCl –ZnCl

(b) HBr and (c) SOCl

(i) Butan-1-ol (ii) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol

11.7 Predict the major product of acid catalysed dehydration of

(i) 1-methylcyclohexanol and (ii) butan-1-ol

11.8 Ortho and para nitrophenols are more acidic than phenol. Draw the

resonance structures of the corresponding phenoxide ions.

11.9 Write the equations involved in the following reactions:

(i) Reimer - Tiemann reaction (ii) Kolbe’s reaction

Intext QuestionsIntext Questions

Intext Questions

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344Chemistry

Methanol and ethanol are among the two commercially important

alcohols.

1. Methanol

Methanol, CH

OH, also known as ‘wood spirit’, was produced by

destructive distillation of wood. Today, most of the methanol is

produced by catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide at high

pressure and temperature and in the presence of ZnO – Cr

catalyst.

Methanol is a colourless liquid and boils at 337 K. It is highly

poisonous in nature. Ingestion of even small quantities of methanol

can cause blindness and large quantities causes even death. Methanol

is used as a solvent in paints, varnishes and chiefly for making

formaldehyde.

2. Ethanol

Ethanol, C

OH, is obtained commercially by fermentation, the

oldest method is from sugars. The sugar in molasses, sugarcane

or fruits such as grapes is converted to glucose and fructose, (both

of which have the formula C

), in the presence of an enzyme,

invertase. Glucose and fructose undergo fermentation in the

presence of another enzyme, zymase, which is found in yeast.

In wine making, grapes are the source of sugars and yeast. As

grapes ripen, the quantity of sugar increases and yeast grows on the

outer skin. When grapes are crushed, sugar and the enzyme come in

contact and fermentation starts. Fermentation takes place in

anaerobic conditions i.e. in absence of air. Carbon dioxide is released

during fermentation.

The action of zymase is inhibited once the percentage of alcohol

formed exceeds 14 percent. If air gets into fermentation mixture, the

oxygen of air oxidises ethanol to ethanoic acid which in turn destroys

the taste of alcoholic drinks.

Ethanol is a colourless liquid with boiling point 351 K. It is used

as a solvent in paint industry and in the preparation of a number of

carbon compounds. The commercial alcohol is made unfit for drinking

by mixing in it some copper sulphate (to give it a colour) and pyridine

(a foul smelling liquid). It is known as denaturation of alcohol.

Nowadays, large quantities of ethanol are obtained by hydration of

ethene (Section 11.4).

11.511.5

11.5

Some

SomeSome

Some

CommerciallyCommercially

Commercially

ImportantImportant

Important

AlcoholsAlcohols

Alcohols

Ingestion of ethanol acts

on the central nervous

system. In moderate

amounts, it affects

judgment and lowers

inhibitions. Higher

concentrations cause

nausea and loss of

consciousness. Even at

higher concentrations,

it interferes with

spontaneous respiration

and can be fatal.

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345 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

1. By dehydration of alcohols

Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protic acids

, H

). The formation of the reaction product, alkene or ether

depends on the reaction conditions. For example, ethanol is

dehydrated to ethene in the presence of sulphuric acid at 443 K.

At 413 K, ethoxyethane is the main product.

The formation of ether is a nucleophilic bimolecular reaction (S

involving the attack of alcohol molecule on a protonated alcohol, as

indicated below:

11.611.6

11.6

EthersEthers

Ethers

11.6.1 Preparation

of Ethers

Acidic dehydration of alcohols, to give an alkene is also associated

with substitution reaction to give an ether.

The method is suitable for the preparation of ethers having

primary alkyl groups only. The alkyl group should be unhindered

and the temperature be kept low. Otherwise the reaction favours the

formation of alkene. The reaction follows S

1 pathway when the alcohol

is secondary or tertiary about which you will learn in higher classes.

However, the dehydration of secondary and tertiary alcohols to give

corresponding ethers is unsuccessful as elimination competes over

substitution and as a consequence, alkenes are easily formed.

Can you explain why is bimolecular dehydration not appropriate

for the preparation of ethyl methyl ether?

2. Williamson synthesis

It is an important laboratory method for the preparation of

symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers. In this method, an alkyl

halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide.

–

+ NaR –O’ R

–

R + Na X’

–

Ethers containing substituted alkyl groups (secondary or tertiary)

may also be prepared by this method. The reaction involves S

2 attack

of an alkoxide ion on primary alkyl halide.

Diethyl ether has been

used widely as an

inhalation anaesthetic.

But due to its slow

effect and an

unpleasant recovery

period, it has been

replaced, as an

anaesthetic, by other

compounds.

Alexander William

Williamson (1824–1904)

was born in London of

Scottish parents. In

1849, he became

Professor of Chemistry

at University College,

London.

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346Chemistry

CH –Br

Better results are obtained if the alkyl halide is primary. In case

of secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, elimination competes over

substitution. If a tertiary alkyl halide is used, an alkene is the only

reaction product and no ether is formed. For example, the reaction of

ONa with (CH

)

C–Br gives exclusively 2-methylpropene.

It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong bases

as well. They react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions.

The following is not an appropriate reaction for the preparation of

t-butyl ethyl ether.

(i) What would be the major product of this reaction ?

(ii) Write a suitable reaction for the preparation of t-butylethyl ether.

(i) The major product of the given reaction is 2-methylprop-1-ene.

It is because sodium ethoxide is a strong nucleophile as well as

a strong base. Thus elimination reaction predominates over

substitution.

Example 11.6Example 11.6

Example 11.6

SolutionSolution

Solution

(ii)

Phenols are also converted to ethers by this method. In this, phenol

is used as the phenoxide moiety.

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347 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

The C-O bonds in ethers are polar and thus, ethers have a net dipole

moment. The weak polarity of ethers do not appreciably affect their

boiling points which are comparable to those of the alkanes of

comparable molecular masses but are much lower than the boiling

points of alcohols as shown in the following cases:

Formula CH

(CH

)

-O-C

(CH

)

-OH

n-Pentane Ethoxyethane Butan-1-ol

b.p./K 309.1 307.6 390

The large difference in boiling points of alcohols and ethers is due

to the presence of hydrogen bonding in alcohols.

The miscibility of ethers with water resembles those of alcohols of

the same molecular mass. Both ethoxyethane and butan-1-ol are

miscible to almost the same extent i.e., 7.5 and 9 g per 100 mL water,

respectively while pentane is essentially immiscible with water. Can

you explain this observation ? This is due to the fact that just like

alcohols, oxygen of ether can also form hydrogen bonds with water

molecule as shown:

1. Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers

Ethers are the least reactive of the functional groups. The cleavage of

C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic conditions with excess

of hydrogen halides. The reaction of dialkyl ether gives two alkyl

halide molecules.

Alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved at the alkyl-oxygen bond due to the

more stable aryl-oxygen bond. The reaction yields phenol and alkyl

halide.

Ethers with two different alkyl groups are also cleaved in the same

manner.

The order of reactivity of hydrogen halides is as follows:

HI > HBr > HCl. The cleavage of ethers takes place with concentrated

HI or HBr at high temperature.

11.6.2 Physical

Properties

11.6.3 Chemical

Reactions

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348Chemistry

The reaction of an ether with concentrated HI starts with protonation of ether molecule.

Step 1:

The reaction takes place with HBr or HI because these reagents are sufficiently acidic.

Step 2:

Iodide is a good nucleophile. It attacks the least substituted carbon of the oxonium

ion formed in step 1 and displaces an alcohol molecule by S

mechanism.

Thus, in the cleavage of mixed ethers with two different alkyl groups, the alcohol

and alkyl iodide formed, depend on the nature of alkyl groups. When primary or

secondary alkyl groups are present, it is the lower alkyl group that forms alkyl

iodide (S

2 reaction).

When HI is in excess and the reaction is carried out at high temperature,

ethanol reacts with another molecule of HI and is converted to ethyl iodide.

Step 3:

MechanismMechanism

Mechanism

However, when one of the alkyl group is a tertiary group, the halide

formed is a tertiary halide.

CH C CH +

CH OH +CH C I

3 3 3 3

It is because in step 2 of the reaction, the departure of leaving group

(HO–CH

) creates a more stable carbocation [(CH

)

], and the reaction

follows S

1 mechanism.

In case of anisole, methylphenyl

oxonium ion, is

formed by protonation of ether. The

bond between O–CH

is weaker

than the bond between O–C

because the carbon of phenyl

group is sp

hybridised and there

is a partial double bond character.

slow

CH OH

fast

–

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349 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Therefore the attack by I

–

ion breaks O–CH

bond to form CH

I. Phenols

do not react further to give halides because the sp

hybridised carbon

of phenol cannot undergo nucleophilic substitution reaction needed

for conversion to the halide.

Give the major products that are formed by heating each of the following

ethers with HI.

Example 11.7Example 11.7

Example 11.7

SolutionSolution

Solution

(iii)

(i) (ii)

(iii)

(i) (ii)

2. Electrophilic substitution

The alkoxy group (-OR) is ortho, para directing and activates the

aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution in the same way as

in phenol.

(i) Halogenation: Phenylalkyl ethers undergo usual halogenation

in the benzene ring, e.g., anisole undergoes bromination with

bromine in ethanoic acid even in the absence of iron (III) bromide

catalyst. It is due to the activation of benzene ring by the methoxy

group. Para isomer is obtained in 90% yield.

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350Chemistry

Intext QuestionsIntext Questions

Intext Questions

11.10 Write the reactions of Williamson synthesis of 2-ethoxy-3-methylpentane

starting from ethanol and 3-methylpentan-2-ol.

11.11 Which of the following is an appropriate set of reactants for the

preparation of 1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene and why?

(i) (ii)

(ii) Friedel-Crafts reaction: Anisole undergoes Friedel-Crafts reaction,

i.e., the alkyl and acyl groups are introduced at ortho and para

positions by reaction with alkyl halide and acyl halide in the

presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride (a Lewis acid) as catalyst.

(iii) Nitration: Anisole reacts with a mixture of concentrated sulphuric

and nitric acids to yield a mixture of ortho and para nitroanisole.

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351 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

11.12 Predict the products of the following reactions:

3 2 2 3

CH CH CH O – CH HBr

− − − + →

CH C OC H

2 5

( )

−  →

(iii)

(ii)

(iv)

Alcohols and phenols are classified (i) on the basis of the number of hydroxyl

groups and (ii) according to the hybridisation of the carbon atom, sp

or sp

which the –OH group is attached. Ethers are classified on the basis of groups

attached to the oxygen atom.

Alcohols may be prepared (1) by hydration of alkenes (i) in presence of an

acid and (ii) by hydroboration-oxidation reaction (2) from carbonyl compounds by

(i) catalytic reduction and (ii) the action of Grignard reagents. Phenols may be

prepared by (1) substitution of (i) halogen atom in haloarenes and (ii) sulphonic

acid group in aryl sulphonic acids, by –OH group (2) by hydrolysis of diazonium

salts and (3) industrially from cumene.

Alcohols are higher boiling than other classes of compounds, namely

hydrocarbons, ethers and haloalkanes of comparable molecular masses. The

ability of alcohols, phenols and ethers to form intermolecular hydrogen bonding

with water makes them soluble in it.

Alcohols and phenols are acidic in nature. Electron withdrawing groups in

phenol increase its acidic strength and electron releasing groups decrease it.

Alcohols undergo nucleophilic substitution with hydrogen halides to yield

alkyl halides. Dehydration of alcohols gives alkenes. On oxidation, primary alcohols

yield aldehydes with mild oxidising agents and carboxylic acids with strong

oxidising agents while secondary alcohols yield ketones. Tertiary alcohols are

resistant to oxidation.

The presence of –OH group in phenols activates the aromatic ring towards

electrophilic substitution and directs the incoming group to ortho and para

positions due to resonance effect. Reimer-Tiemann reaction of phenol yields

salicylaldehyde. In presence of sodium hydroxide, phenol generates phenoxide

ion which is even more reactive than phenol. Thus, in alkaline medium, phenol

undergoes Kolbe’s reaction.

Ethers may be prepared by (i) dehydration of alcohols and (ii) Williamson

synthesis. The boiling points of ethers resemble those of alkanes while their

solubility is comparable to those of alcohols having same molecular mass. The

C–O bond in ethers can be cleaved by hydrogen halides. In electrophilic

substitution, the alkoxy group activates the aromatic ring and directs the incoming

group to ortho and para positions.

SummarySummary

Summary

(i)

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352Chemistry

Exercises

11.1 Write IUPAC names of the following compounds:

(i)

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

(ix) (x) C

–O–C

(xi) C

–O–C

(n–) (xii)

11.2 Write structures of the compounds whose IUPAC names are as follows:

(i) 2-Methylbutan-2-ol (ii) 1-Phenylpropan-2-ol

(iii) 3,5-Dimethylhexane –1, 3, 5-triol (iv) 2,3 – Diethylphenol

(v) 1 – Ethoxypropane (vi) 2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane

(vii) Cyclohexylmethanol (viii) 3-Cyclohexylpentan-3-ol

(ix) Cyclopent-3-en-1-ol (x) 4-Chloro-3-ethylbutan-1-ol.

11.3 (i) Draw the structures of all isomeric alcohols of molecular formula C

and give their IUPAC names.

(ii) Classify the isomers of alcohols in question 11.3 (i) as primary, secondary

and tertiary alcohols.

11.4 Explain why propanol has higher boiling point than that of the hydrocarbon,

butane?

11.5 Alcohols are comparatively more soluble in water than hydrocarbons of

comparable molecular masses. Explain this fact.

11.6 What is meant by hydroboration-oxidation reaction? Illustrate it with an example.

11.7 Give the structures and IUPAC names of monohydric phenols of molecular

formula, C

11.8 While separating a mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols by steam

distillation, name the isomer which will be steam volatile. Give reason.

11.9 Give the equations of reactions for the preparation of phenol from cumene.

11.10 Write chemical reaction for the preparation of phenol from chlorobenzene.

11.11 Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to yield ethanol.

11.12 You are given benzene, conc. H

and NaOH. Write the equations for the

preparation of phenol using these reagents.

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353 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

11.13 Show how will you synthesise:

(i) 1-phenylethanol from a suitable alkene.

(ii) cyclohexylmethanol using an alkyl halide by an S

2 reaction.

(iii) pentan-1-ol using a suitable alkyl halide?

11.14 Give two reactions that show the acidic nature of phenol. Compare acidity

of phenol with that of ethanol.

11.15 Explain why is ortho nitrophenol more acidic than ortho methoxyphenol ?

11.16 Explain how does the –OH group attached to a carbon of benzene ring

activate it towards electrophilic substitution?

11.17 Give equations of the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of propan-1-ol with alkaline KMnO

solution.

(ii) Bromine in CS

with phenol.

(iii) Dilute HNO

with phenol.

(iv) Treating phenol wih chloroform in presence of aqueous NaOH.

11.18 Explain the following with an example.

(i) Kolbe’s reaction.

(ii) Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

(iii) Williamson ether synthesis.

(iv) Unsymmetrical ether.

11.19 Write the mechanism of acid dehydration of ethanol to yield ethene.

11.20 How are the following conversions carried out?

(i) Propene → Propan-2-ol.

(ii) Benzyl chloride → Benzyl alcohol.

(iii) Ethyl magnesium chloride → Propan-1-ol.

(iv) Methyl magnesium bromide → 2-Methylpropan-2-ol.

11.21 Name the reagents used in the following reactions:

(i) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to carboxylic acid.

(ii) Oxidation of a primary alcohol to aldehyde.

(iii) Bromination of phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol.

(iv) Benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid.

(v) Dehydration of propan-2-ol to propene.

(vi) Butan-2-one to butan-2-ol.

11.22 Give reason for the higher boiling point of ethanol in comparison to

methoxymethane.

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354Chemistry

11.23 Give IUPAC names of the following ethers:

11.24 Write the names of reagents and equations for the preparation of the following

ethers by Williamson’s synthesis:

(i) 1-Propoxypropane (ii) Ethoxybenzene

(iii) 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane (iv) 1-Methoxyethane

11.25 Illustrate with examples the limitations of Williamson synthesis for the

preparation of certain types of ethers.

11.26 How is 1-propoxypropane synthesised from propan-1-ol? Write mechanism

of this reaction.

11.27 Preparation of ethers by acid dehydration of secondary or tertiary alcohols

is not a suitable method. Give reason.

11.28 Write the equation of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with:

(i) 1-propoxypropane (ii) methoxybenzene and (iii) benzyl ethyl ether.

11.29 Explain the fact that in aryl alkyl ethers (i) the alkoxy group activates the

benzene ring towards electrophilic substitution and (ii) it directs the

incoming substituents to ortho and para positions in benzene ring.

11.30 Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with methoxymethane.

11.31 Write equations of the following reactions:

(i) Friedel-Crafts reaction – alkylation of anisole.

(ii) Nitration of anisole.

(iii) Bromination of anisole in ethanoic acid medium.

(iv) Friedel-Craft’s acetylation of anisole.

11.32 Show how would you synthesise the following alcohols from appropriate

alkenes?

(i) (ii)

(iii)

(iv)

11.33 When 3-methylbutan-2-ol is treated with HBr, the following reaction takes

place:

Give a mechanism for this reaction.

(Hint : The secondary carbocation formed in step II rearranges to a more

stable tertiary carbocation by a hydride ion shift from 3rd carbon atom.

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355 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Answers to Some Intext Questions

11.1 Primary alcohols (i), (ii), (iii)

Secondary alcohols (iv) and (v)

Tertiary alcohols (vi)

11.2 Allylic alcohols (ii) and (vi)

11.3 (i) 4-Chloro-3-ethyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-butan-1-ol

(ii) 2, 5-Dimethylhexane-1,3-diol

(iii) 3-Bromocyclohexanol

(iv) Hex-1-en-3-ol

(v) 2-Bromo-3-methylbut-2-en-1-ol

11.4

11.5

(i)

(ii)

OCH

CH OH

(iii)

11.7 (i) 1-Methylcyclohexene

(ii) A Mixture of but-1-ene and but-2-ene. But-2-ene is the major product

formed due to rearrangement to give secondary carbocation.

11.10

C H OH

2 5

– CH

– CH –

CH –

ONa

HBr

C H Br

2 5

C H Br

2 5

– CH

– CH –

CH –

OC H

2 5

2-Ethoxy-3-methylpentane

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356Chemistry

11.11 (ii)

11.12 (i)

3 2 2 3

CH CH CH OH CH Br

(ii)

(iii) (iv)

(

)

3 2 5

CH C I C H OH

− +

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